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HOME > ÇÐȸ°£Ç๰ >
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Studies on the History of Leprosy in Korea |
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Seung Chul Karl(Director: Prof. Joon Lew) |
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Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea |
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1960 |
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Leprosy has been one of the most dreadful tragedy of human disease ever since prehistorical era of human civilization. There were three largest leprosy areas in the world in ancient ages. The first was North African continent, the second, India and the third was China. The North African continent was the oldest focus and the leprosy in India and China may have followed by the former place. The leprosy in North African continent spread to the world toward West and East through middle Asia. The author attempted to clarify the course of the introduction of leprosy to Korea, and its historical background. Korean peninsula, attached to the Asian continent, has had close cultural association for many thousand years with continental civilization. On the history of leprosy in Korea, we find some descriptions in classic medical books and modern literatures on leprosy. But the most of them are too incomplete to get the thorough informations. So, the author collected the relatively more complete informations from the following reference; (1). Ordinary Korean classics; Sam-kook-yoo-sa, Sam-kook-sa-ki, Ko-ryo-sa and Ii-cho-shil-rock, (2). Classic Korean medical books; Hyang-yack-koo-keup-bang, Hyang-yack-jip-sung-bang, Jae-joong-shin-kam, (3). Modern medical literatures; Kim's "History of infectious diseases in Korea", Rai's "History of leprosy in China", Miyakawa's "History of leprosy in Japan", Miki's "Medical History", Miki's "History of diseasea in Korea", La Lepro(Japanese), International Journal of Leprosy, Leprosy Review, and other text books on leprosy. Conclusions: (1). The history of leprosy in China is traced back to around 2700 B.C., before the age of Confucius, and ever since a certain part of China is regarded one of the heavist endemic focus of leprosy in the world. There was no historical record in which leprosy had been introduced from China into Korea, even having had the close relationships through cultural and economical trades between the two countries since ancient times. (2). The most reliable records on leprosy in Japan have been described since 700 A.D., while there were some doubtful descriptions on leprosy cases in mythological ages of Japan. (3). The prevalence of leprosy in Korea with rather definite description appears in 1400 A.D. and the endemic focuses of leprosy at that time were Jae-joo Island and Kyung-sang province which are closely located to the islands of Japan and Oceanian teritories. It indicates that the leprosy endemy in Korea were occurred at least 700 years later than in Japan. (4). The terms refering to leprosy were various and many synonyms were used; Man-jil( Áú(òð), refers to a disease which is epidemic and malignant with high mortality), Ack-byung(¾Çº´(äÂÜ»), bad disease), Ach-chang(¾Çâ(äÂóê), bad ulcer of eruption), Ack-jil(¾ÇÁú(äÂòð), devil disease), Dae-poong-chang(´ëdzâ(ÓÞù¦óê), large eruption with ulcer), Dae-poong-na(´ëdz(ÓÞù¦) ³ª(ÑÛ), large eruptive leprosy), Yong-byung(¿ëº´(éÌÜ»), dragon disease), Dae-ma-poong-chang(´ë(ÓÞ) ¸¶Ç³Ã¢(Ø«ù¦óê), large anaethetic eruptive ulcer), Na-jil(³ªÁú(ÑÛòð), leprosy), Na-byung(³ªº´(ÑÛÜ»), leprosy), Moon-dong-byung(¹®µ¿º´, family disease), yong-chun-bang-ie(¿ëõ¹ðÀÌ, drived from Yong-byung, dragon disease refering to a person with ugly face and severe disfigurement), Ma-mok-jung(¸¶¸ñÁõ(Ø«ÙÊñø), a sickness having the symptoms of Ma and Mok, Ma refers to a very slight anaesthetic sensation, a loss of sensation felt underneath of one layer of flex fiber. Mok, wood refers to a complete loss of sensation felt underneath of a wooden bond) and Chun-hyung-byung(õÇüº´(ô¸úýÜ»), god punished disease). The terms, Man-jil, Ack-byung, Ack-chang and Ack-jil were not specific to leprosy although those terms included the disease at the time. However rest of the terms were specific to leprosy of present concept. (5). The symptoms of leprosy in the era of fourteen hundredths were rather definitive to the symptoms of present-day concepts; Pi-bu-bul-in(ÇǺκÒÀÎ(ù«Ý±ÝÕìÒ), irregularity of skin). Un-jin-jeuk-huk( ÁøÀûÈæ(òÖîåýÙ), skin eruptions with red and black pigmentations), Yoo-dang-ko-mok(À¯µ¿Èĸñ(ë¢ÔÒý®ÙÊ), resemblance to decayed wood), Ham-ja-bul-tong(ħ¶öºÒÅë(öÝÕ·ÝÕ÷Ô), no pain with needle sticks), Pi-boo-keun-jeul-kyae-san(ÇǺαÙÀý±«»ê(ù«Ý±ÐÉï½ÎÕߤ), ulcer and amputation with needle sticks), Pi-sa-ma-mok-bool-in(Çǻ縶¸ñºÒÀÎ(ù«ÞÝØ«ÙÊÝÕìÒ), loss of sensation and irregularity due to death of skin), Yook-sa-hwall-jul-bool-tong(À°»çÇÒÀýºÒÅë(ë¿ÞÝùÜï·ÝÕ÷Ô), no pain by cutting due to death of a part of body), Soo-jok-tall-rack(¼öÁ·Å»¶ô(â¢ðë÷Õª), loss of fingers and toes), Mi-ryang-boong-woo(ºñ·®ºØ(Þ¬ÕÙÝÚ) , destroyment of the ridge of nose) and An-dan-soon-bun-sung-ae(¾È´Ü(äÑÓ¨) »ê¼º¾Æ(ߪá¢ä¯), loss of eye sight, turn out of lips and hoarseness). (6). The classic methods in the treatment of leprosy in Korea were medical theraphy, maxacautery, acupuncture theraphy and bathing and the major medicaments were composed of Ko-sam(°í»ï(ÍÈ߸)). (7). Infectiousness of leprosy was recognized in early fourteen hundredths and the segregation and relief measures by the state were practiced. (8). The introduction of leprosy to Korean peninsula was assumed through Japan and Oceanian islands with following evidences. A). There is evidences of leprosy endemics in the history neither in the Northern provinces of Korea, Pyung-an and Ham-kyung, which have been the continental pathway to Korea from China, nor in the Choong-chung province which has been the main portal pathway from China, although China has been one of the most endemic focus of leprosy from ancient. B). The earliest endemic area of leprosy in Korea were southern parts of the peninsula, Jae-joo island and Kyung-sang provinces, those have been the gate-way from islands of Japan and Oceanian to Korea peninsula. C). The earliest description of leprosy in Korea appears in the literature about 700 years later than in Japan. |
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